Dungeons and Dragons Role Playing
Dungeons & Dragons (D&D), fantasy role-playing game (RPG), created by American game designers Ernest Gary Gygax and David Arneson in 1974 and published that year by Gygax’s company, Tactical Studies Rules (TSR). The game was acquired in 1997 by Wizards of the Coast, a subsidiary of Hasbro, Inc. The game’s soaring popularity led to D&D-themed miniature figurines, books, television shows, and movies.
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D&D has gone through multiple editions, with various changes to the rules and nomenclature. The game is set in a medieval fantasy world in which multiple players form a group that is led through an adventure by one player who assumes the role of the storyteller, or Dungeon Master. The Dungeon Master makes up story events or chooses them from one of the published adventures, to which the players may respond in different manners to create a unique gaming experience. The other players each choose a race (human, elf, dwarf, halfling), a class (e.g., Fighter, Rogue, Wizard), and skills for their character, and they apportion a small number of points to different attributes (Constitution, Strength, Dexterity, Intelligence, Wisdom, and Charisma) that determine how effective a character is in performing various actions. As actions are performed successfully, points are gained to the corresponding attributes. Most complex actions have some probability of failing, which is determined by rolling one or more of the game’s polygonal dice (4-, 6-, 8-, 10-, 12-, and 20-sided). Often players use a sheet marked with a grid and miniature figurines to represent their characters’ movements.
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The basic rules and milieu of Dungeons & Dragons has been adapted for many electronic RPGs, such as Baldur's Gate (1998).
Ernest Gary Gygax, (born July 27, 1938,Chicago, Ill., U.S.—died March 4, 2008, Lake Geneva, Wis.), American Entrepeneur who in 1974, together with his war-gaming friend David Arneson, created the world’s first fantasy role-playing game (RPG), Dungeons & Dragons (D&D), and ultimately paved the way for modern electronic RPGs.
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In 1971 Gygax introduced the game Chainmail, the predecessor of D&D, and in 1973 he cofounded, with his boyhood friend Donald Kaye, the company Tactical Studies Rules (TSR), which produced the first edition of D&D the following year. In 1983 Gygax and Arneson wrote and produced the animated television series Dungeons & Dragons. After leaving TSR in 1985, Gygax continued to develop new fantasy games and novels.
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role-playing video game
role-playing video game, electronic game genre in which players advance through a story quest, and often many side quests, for which their character or party of characters gain experience that improves various attributes and abilities. The genre is almost entirely rooted in TSR, Inc.’s Dungeons & Dragons (D&D; 1974), a role-playing game (RPG) for small groups in which each player takes some role, such as a healer, warrior, or wizard, to help the player’s party battle evil as directed by the group’s Dungeon Master, or assigned storyteller. While fantasy settings remain popular, video RPGs have also explored the realms of science fiction and the cloak-and-dagger world of espionage.
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Single-player RPGs
Early video RPGs generally kept some or all of the original aspects of D&D, including its fantasy world of elves, dwarfs, trolls, goblins, and dragons and its character attributes—constitution, strength, dexterity, intelligence, wisdom, and charisma. The first effort to produce an electronic version of D&D was Dungeon (1975), which was an unauthorized adaptation for the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-10 minicomputer. Although basically a text-based implementation, it included overhead maps of the dungeon that showed where players had explored.
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The first commercial D&D-style games were Origin Systems, Inc.’s Ultima (1980) and Sir-Tech Software, Inc.’s Wizardry (1981), both originally for Apple Inc.’s Apple II home computer. Sequels of Wizardry were produced over the next two decades for the Commodore Amiga computer, personal computers running MS-DOS, and the Sega Saturn and Sony Corporation PlayStation home video consoles. Similarly, sequels of Ultima (now owned by Electronic Arts) were made over the next 25 years for the Amiga, Apple’s Mac OS, Microsoft Corporation’s Windows OS, and video game consoles from Atari, Nintendo, Sega, and Sony.
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Popular single-player RPG franchises for home video consoles include Square Enix’s Dragon Quest (1986– ) and Final Fantasy (1987– ), for Nintendo and Sony consoles, and Sega’s Phantasy Star (1987– ), for Sega and Sony consoles. Nintendo’s Pokémon (1995– ) series is the most successful RPG franchise in terms of total media sales (games, cards, books, figurines), and the most recent versions include support for playing against others over the Internet.
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Traditionally, computer gamers had been treated to a deeper gameplay experience, with richer, more complex stories than those found on early consoles. A standout example of this was Ultima IV: Quest of the Avatar (1985), in which players’ characters were directly affected by the ethical choices they made. By the 1990s, however, console games had made great strides, with titles such as Square Enix’s Chrono Trigger (1995) and Final Fantasy VII (1997) redefining gamers’ expectations. Soon, outstanding games such as Eidos Interactive’s Deus Ex (2000) and BioWare Corporation’s Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic (2003) were winning fans on both PCs and consoles. Other popular RPGs for Windows OS, Mac OS, and next-generation consoles include BioWare’s Baldur’s Gate (1998– ), Mass Effect (2007– ), and Dragon Age (2009– ) franchises and Bethesda Softworks’ The Elder Scrolls (1994– ) and Fallout (1997– ) series.















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